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Jabal Amil (; also spelled Jabal Amel and historically known as Jabal Amila) is a cultural and geographic region in largely associated with its long-established, predominantly Twelver Shia Muslim inhabitants. Its precise boundaries vary, but it is generally defined as the mostly highland region on either side of the , between the Mediterranean Sea in the west and the , and valleys in the east.

The community in Jabal Amil is thought to be one of the oldest in history. In the 10th century, several Yemeni tribes with Shi'ite inclinations, including the , had established themselves in the region. 'Amili oral tradition and later writings assert that a companion of the Islamic prophet and an early supporter of , Abu Dharr al-Ghifari (d. AD 651), introduced Shi'ism to the area. Although there is frequent occurrence of this account in many religious sources, it is largely dismissed in academia, and historical sources suggest Shia Islam largely developed in Jabal Amil between the mid-8th and 10th centuries (750–900).

(2025). 9786144271254, Center Of Civilization For The Development Of Islamic Thought. .
(2014). 9781780765648, I.B.Tauris.
Twelver Shia tradition in southern Lebanon credits the Amila, as the progenitors of the community, by having sided with the faction of in the mid-7th century.


Name
The region derives its name from the , an tribe that had been affiliated with the client kings of and that moved into the region and neighboring after the 7th-century Muslim conquests. Although speculative, Twelver Shia tradition in southern Lebanon credits the Amila as the progenitors of the community, by having sided with the faction of in the mid-7th century.


Geographic definition

Early Muslim geographers' descriptions
The 10th-century geographer describes 'Jabal Amila' as "a mountainous district" overlooking the Mediterranean sea and connected to . It contained "many fine villages" and springs. Its fields were rain-dependent, and grapes, olives, and other fruits were grown there. It was the source of the highest-quality honey in , along with that of Jerusalem. Jabal Amila, and the district of Jabal Jarash to the southeast, on the other side of the , were the largest sources of revenue for , the capital of (the Jordan River District). He mentions that another highland region, between Tyre, and , was known as 'Jabal Siddiqa' after a holy person's tomb in the district that was visited annually by throngs of local pilgrims and Muslim officials. Qadas is also mentioned by him as belonging to Jabal Amila.

The geographer described Jabal Amila in 1300 as a district in the Safad Province characterized by its abundant vineyards and olive, and groves, and populated by Twelver Shia Muslims. He also notes the neighboring highland districts of , and whose inhabitants were also Twelver Shia and whose lands contained considerable springs, vineyards, and fruit groves. The ruler of and scholar Abu'l-Fida (d. 1341) noted that Jabal Amila "runs down the coast as far south as Tyre and was home to the fortress (Beaufort Castle).


Modern definition
According to the historian Tamara Chalabi, defining Jabal Amil is "difficult" as the region was not generally recognized as a distinct geographic or political entity. Rather, its identity, and by extension its definition, is derived from its largely Twelver Shia Muslim inhabitants, who historically referred to themselves as 'Amilis'. The scholar calls it "a terrain of identity, its 'boundaries' somewhat indefinite". In the definition generally accepted by its Twelver Shia community, the Jabal Amil is roughly and bound by the north of Sidon, which separates it from the highlands of , and the in modern Israel to the south. In this definition, the region is bound in the west by the Mediterranean Sea and in the east by the valley regions of , the , and the . The cuts the region into northern and southern parts. The southern part is additionally known as .

According to the scholar , while the traditional definition of Jabal Amil includes the cities of Sidon and Jezzine, other, more limited definitions exclude them, defining them as separate areas. The traditional definition also includes parts of modern Israel, including the former villages of and , and the villages of , Qadas, , al-Nabi Yusha', and , whose inhabitants had been Twelver Shia before their depopulation in the 1948 Palestine war. In the definition of Lebanon specialist Elisabeth Picard, the northern boundary of Jabal Amil is formed by the , south of Sidon. The historian William Harris defines it as the hills south of the Litani, which "grade into the ". According to Stefan Winter, Jabal Amil is traditionally defined as the predominantly Twelver Shia-populated, highland region southeast of Sidon. A prominent native scholar of Jabal Amil, Suleiman Dahir, defined it in 1930 as a much larger area, encompassing Jezzine in the Chouf, in the northern Beqaa, and the Hula.


History
Historical accounts suggest a Shiite presence at Jabal Amil by the 10th century, with the arrival of Shia-oriented Yemeni tribes like the . However, local traditions claim an even earlier conversion to Twelver Shi'ism by a companion of the Prophet , Abu Dharr al-Ghifari.
(2025). 9780231513135, Columbia University Press.

Despite claims of being the earliest Shi'ite center, evidence points to in Iraq as a prominent center of religious learning for early Amili scholars (12th-14th centuries). It wasn't until the 14th century that Jabal Amil saw the rise of its own scholarly institutions and a surge in the number of Shi'ite scholars. This culminated in the 15th and 16th centuries, when Jabal Amil became the leading center of Shi'ite learning, with a focus on legal, linguistic, and doctrinal studies. However, by the 16th century, economic and political factors led to a decline in these institutions and a mass migration of Amili scholars – particularly to – that lasted for about two centuries. The Safavids' invited Shi'ite scholars from Jabal Amil to their court to legitimize their rule over predominantly Persia and promote Shi'ite conversion.


Notable residents
  • Twelver Shia scholar, (1624–1693)
  • Nuclear physicist, (1951–1991)
  • Shi'a Islamic scholar, Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi (1872–1957)
  • Ottoman-era Shia leader from El Assaad Family, (1749–1781)
  • Secretary General of , (1960-2024)
  • Scientist, Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah (1894–1935)
  • Shi'a Islamic Poet and Scholar Sheikh Bahaddin al-Amili (1547–1621)
  • El Zein family


Bibliography


Further reading
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